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I think similar topics have been discussed here but I haven't seen an answer to my question (yet).

We currently live in country A, my wife has passport B, I have passport C and our son has 3 passports (countries A, B, C). My wife will soon be travelling from A -> B -> A with my son but without me (potentially with a transit on a 3rd country). I may also need to travel A -> C -> A with my son but without her at some point.

I understand it's recommended to provide a notarised consent letter for every trip so that the other parent can travel without being stopped at the border. I also understand that bringing a marriage certificate and a birth certificate may help clarify if in doubt. In the end it's at discretion of the border officials.

Both countries B and C specifically offer notarisation of this consent letter in the consulates in country A. It also seems like the format of the letter is different in each case.

What country should notarise this consent letter? A, B, C or all three?

Country A: UK Country B: Russia Country C: Spain

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    It depends on the countries whose border officers you'll be encountering, and on the airlines you'll be using. For a trip from the UK to Russia, for example, Spanish law is not relevant. For a trip from the UK to Spain, Russian law is not relevant. For a trip from the UK to Germany (or for a transit there), neither Spanish nor Russian law is relevant, but German law is.
    – phoog
    Commented Aug 29, 2019 at 20:40

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This is not a visa question, it is a custody question. If officials anywhere in the world believe that you are abducting the minor (according to the law where you currently are) they may stop you.

So for any step of the voyage you have to check the local requirements.

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