I went to the passport office of my highly developed Western country and they said they wouldn't know if a foreign country I had previously overstayed in had banned me or not just by scanning my passport.

Isn't that the point of passports? To contain data and violations on each traveler, and that data is shared between all countries who "access" or scan the passport to make a decision on whether to admit them or not? Do countries not share information about foreign travelers with all other nation states via their passports?