Airplanes rely on a principle known as "Faraday Cage". Basically, if lightning hits the plane, it has no direct way to reach the ground (there is no wire connecting the plane to the ground), so the charge simply doesn't even touch the plane's electronics inside it (and in turn the sockets inside the cabin).
Same thing if you are hit by lightning while in a car (just not as efficent, since the distance between you and the ground would be way less).
You should therefore not have to worry about voltage "fluctuations" too much, and as Tor Klingberg mentioned in a comment, notebook chargers are usually desingeddesigned to withstand voltage variations typically from 100-110V up to 240-250V, so you should be ok.
Another thing which no one seems to have yet discussed on this forum is the pressure factor. You may have heard about batteries exploding on planes (especially Li-ion ones). That is very rare (it never occurred to me, and I take hundreds of flight each year, always charging my laptop on board).
However, if you are really worried, you can always "limit" your max charge on the battery temporarily. Most laptops nowadays have a function called "Conservation mode" which only charges the battery up to 55-60%, which is the best range to keep it at if you want it to last you.
Hope that cleared up the situation a bit.