'Samtrafiken', the Swedish association of public transport operators, operates a web page, where you can search for minimum transfer times. It is unfortunately only in Swedish, but might of course be of some help anyway. Depending on the station or halt, the rules might however be a little bit more complex than just a fixed period. E.g. if you search for Stockholm Central Station (enter 'Stockholm Centralstation' in the field for hållplats/halt and click sök/search) the page will show you the following rules:
Stockholm Centralstation
- is a hub, general transfer time: 20 minutes
- from 'Storstockholms Lokaltrafik AB' to 'Storstockholms Lokaltrafik AB' (transfer between suburban trains): 9 minutes
- from 'Snälltåget' to 'SJ AB', 'Storstockholms Lokaltrafik AB', 'Snälltåget' or 'Arlanda Express' (different train operators): 30 minutes
A few tests seem to indicate that the DB (HAFAS) route planner is always operating with a 20 minutes minimum transfer time in Stockholm. E.g. searching for a trip from Malmö C to Älvsjö, HAFAS offers the following itinerary:
Malmö C 09:20 R3940 operated by Snälltåget
Stockholm C 14:31
Stockholm C 14:53 R2241 operated by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik AB
Älvsjö 15:03
With just 22 minutes transfer time, this itinerary violates the deviating rule for a 30 minutes minimum transfer time from Snälltåget to Storstockholms Lokaltrafik.
If I search for the same itinerary on Snälltåget's or SJ's route planner, it does as expected not offer me this transfer, but tells me to take the next train at 15:01 from Stockholm C to Älvsjö, with which the 30 minuteminutes transfer time is satisfied.
For the three stations you are asking especially for, the rules are unfortunately much more complicated than for Stockholm C:
- Malmö C and Nässjö C has minimum transfer times ranging from 10 to 120 minutes
- Alvesta has minmum transfer times from 0 to 30 minutes
I am however not sure if these numbers will help you prevent 'unpleasant surprises'. These are the minimum transfer times required to buy a guaranteed 'through' ticket and will depend much more on the incoming train operator's reliability and their willingsness to care for your needs in case of a delay. You should not use these times to plan how much time you would actually need to walk between the platforms.