There is no minimum time after a visa application for the filing of a subsequent application. The likelihood of success, however, depends on the specific reason for the prior visa refusal. See the State Department's page on Visa Denials.
On the subject of new applications, the page has this to say:
Can I reapply for a visa?
After being found ineligible for a visa, you may reapply in the future. If you reapply for a visa after being found ineligible, with the exception of 221(g) refusals, you must submit a new visa application and pay the visa application fee again. If you were found ineligible under section 214(b) of the INA, you should be able to present evidence of significant changes in circumstances since your last application. See more information below under INA section 214(b).
Note the lack of any limit on "in the future": it can be even one day in the future.
"Significant changes in circumstances" could include additional evidence to establish some circumstance that existed at the time of the first application but was not adequately reflected in that application.
