I am stating this as per my experience with German auslanderbehörde and I suspect this may also be the same for Poland. When your visa is in processing and you have expired your current visa, then it is not possible to travel outside the country(even in schengen area or to even to your home country!) until foreign office has decision on your visa. Usually the foreign office provide you "bestätigung/acknowledgment" letter(in case of Germany, again might be something equivalent of this letter with Poland) stating that your visa is being processed and your previous visa status will be applicable until decision is made on your application(except you now cant travel to other countries with this letter). I suspect your stamp on the passport is the same as the acknowledgement letter.

Long term visa holders ex:student or blue card holders, can request for fiktion visa in case of emergencies which is valid for 3 months, but issuing this visa is solely decided by foreign office.

I am stating this as per my experience with German auslanderbehörde and I suspect this may also be the same for Poland.

While your residence permit status is "in processing" and your current visa is expired, it is not possible to travel outside the country until foreign office has decision on your residence status, even within Schengen area or your home country. 

Usually, in case of Germany, the foreign office provide you an "bestätigung/acknowledgment" letter stating that your residence permit is currently being processed and your previous visa status will be applicable until decision is made on your application. Note that you can't travel to other countries with this letter.

Other countries as Poland might have an equivalent of this letter, and I suspect your stamp on the passport is the same as the acknowledgement letter.

Long term visa holders as students or blue card holders can request for fiktion visa in case of emergencies, which is valid for 3 months, but issuing this visa is solely decided by the foreign office.