Yes, you can use a Polish temporary passport to travel to Canada.

Timatic, the database which airlines use to verify passenger travel documents, states in relevant part:

> Passport Exemptions:
>
> - Nationals of Poland with a temporary passport.

You still need to get an [electronic travel authorization][1] (eTA) before traveling though.

> Visa required, except for Nationals of Poland with an
Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA). They are visa exempt
for a maximum stay of 6 months. 

You'll need the passport number to apply for the eTA, so you should obtain it as soon as possible.


  [1]: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/visit-canada/eta.html