Can Polish citizens fly via Turkey just with a national ID (without a visa or passport)? Entry in the destination country is possible I'm sure, but the flight has a transfer in Istanbul Airport.
Polish citizens are not allowed to enter Turkey with their national ID’s.
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@Crazydre I was expecting this to be a partial answer (as allowed by SE network) since I don't know whether OP has to pass through the passport control. – ahmedus Sep 11 '17 at 0:14
If the trip is in one booking, you do not need to enter Turkey, and therefore don't need a passport.
However, awareness of this fact varies greatly between airport ground staff - anyone not understanding the fact that transit normally doesn't require anything but a connecting ticket (this ignorance is depressingly common) will deny you boarding.
So to be safe, bring your passport, but an e-Visa is definitely not needed if the trip is in one booking.
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"awareness of this fact varies greatly between airport ground staff" - not just that. Once I asked at the embassy (of a different country) if I need a transit visa, and the clerk rather vehemently insisted that I do, quite contrary to the established rules and also contrary to the truth. – Radovan Garabík Sep 11 '17 at 12:58
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@RadovanGarabík Embassies frequently don't have up-to-date information, or sometimes talk out of their bottoms, so not surprised. Anyway their opinion will hardly matter at check-in. – Crazydre Sep 11 '17 at 13:13
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@RadovanGarabík The problem is that many staff think TWOV is only a visa exemption, and (incorrectly) that a passport's still needed. For example I e-mailed Belavia airport representatives at different airports asking if I can transit Minsk with just an ID card. Frankfurt and Geneva were adamant that I can, Helsinki and Milan equally adamant that I can't. Equally, when asking Turkish if I can transit Istanbul on my ID (Swedish - officially not accepted for entry to Turkey, although in practice they do let me in on it), Zurich and Stuttgart said no, while Basel and Munich said yes. Bizarre! – Crazydre Sep 11 '17 at 13:20